Letusan 1883
While seismic activity around the volcano was intense in the years preceding the cataclysmic 1883 eruption, a series of lesser eruptions beginning in mid-June 1883 led up to the disaster. Sementara aktivitas gempa di sekitar gunung berapi itu intens pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya letusan dahsyat 1883, serangkaian letusan kecil dimulai pada pertengahan Juni 1883 mengarah ke bencana. The volcano released huge plumes of steam and ash lasting until late August. Gunung berapi ini merilis bulu besar uap dan abu berlangsung sampai akhir Agustus.
On August 27, a series of four huge explosions almost entirely destroyed the island. Pada tanggal 27 Agustus, rangkaian empat ledakan besar hampir seluruhnya hancur pulau. The explosions were so violent that they were heard 3,500 km (2,200 mi) away in Perth , Western Australia and the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius , 4,800 km (3,000 mi) away. [ 5 ] The pressure wave from the final explosion was recorded on barographs around the world, which continued to register it up to 5 days after the explosion. Ledakan begitu keras bahwa mereka mendengar 3.500 km (2.200 mil) jauh di Perth , Australia Barat dan Pulau Rodrigues dekat Mauritius , 4.800 km (3.000 mi) jauhnya. [5] Gelombang tekanan dari ledakan akhir dicatat pada barographs di seluruh dunia, yang terus mendaftar hingga 5 hari setelah ledakan. The recordings show that the shockwave from the final explosion reverberated around the globe 7 times in total. [ 10 ] Ash was propelled to a height of 80 km (50 mi). Rekaman menunjukkan bahwa gelombang kejut dari ledakan terakhir menggema di seluruh dunia 7 kali secara total. [10] Ash didorong ke ketinggian 80 km (50 mil).
The combined effects of pyroclastic flows , volcanic ashes, and tsunamis had disastrous results in the region. Dampak gabungan dari aliran piroklastik , abu vulkanik, dan tsunami telah mengakibatkan bencana di wilayah tersebut. The official death toll recorded by the Dutch authorities was 36,417, although some sources put the estimate at more than 120,000. Korban tewas resmi dicatat oleh penguasa Belanda adalah 36.417, meskipun beberapa sumber menaruh memperkirakan lebih dari 120.000. There are numerous documented reports of groups of human skeletons floating across the Indian Ocean on rafts of volcanic pumice and washing up on the east coast of Africa, up to a year after the eruption. Ada laporan didokumentasikan berbagai kelompok tengkorak manusia mengambang di Samudra Hindia pada rakit apung vulkanik dan mencuci di pantai timur Afrika, sampai satu tahun setelah letusan.
Average global temperatures fell by as much as 1.2 degrees Celsius in the year following the eruption. suhu global Average turun sebanyak 1,2 derajat Celcius pada tahun setelah letusan. Weather patterns continued to be chaotic for years and temperatures did not return to normal until 1888. Pola cuaca terus menjadi kacau selama bertahun-tahun dan suhu tidak kembali ke normal sampai 1888.
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